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| Volume 11 Issue 1
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Multidimensional scaling and experimental aesthetics: Escher’s print as a case study.
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Marisa Carrasco, Svetlana M. Katz, & Julia Winter, 1993, 11:1, 1-23.
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Abstract:
This article represents a case-study in the applicability of multidimensional scaling (MDS) to experimental aesthetics. MDS allows experimenters to ask observers to compare stimuli without specifying which criteria they should use. MDS plots data - the similarity judgments - in a "psychological space" whose number of dimensions reflects the number of ways the stimuli are perceived to differ. An experiment attempted to tap into the criteria used by non-specialists when viewing prints by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher, and to study whether or not these criteria correspond to those Escher himself used to classify his work. Forty observers were shown every possible non-duplicate pair combination of twenty-six slides of Escher's prints, and were asked to rate the similarity of each pair, using any criteria they wished. Three dimensions were identified in this experiment ("dimensionality," "shape" and "degree of realism"). A neighborhood analysis (based on octants) suggests that observers' perceptions seem to correspond to Escher's groupings.
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Left and right in Leonardo’s Drawing of faces.
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John Benjafield & Sidney J. Segalowitz, 1993, 11:1, 25-32.
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Abstract:
Previous research has disclosed a relationship between the side of the face depicted by a painter and the nature of the person portrayed. For example, the left side of the face is more likely to be drawn if the sitter is female, while the right side is more likely to be drawn if the sitter is male. In an experiment that controlled for the side of the face being shown and its direction relative to the sitter, subjects were asked to rate eight of Leonardo da Vinci's drawings of faces on a representative sample of Semantic Differential dimensions. Drawings depicting the right side of the face were judged more Potent and Active than drawings depicting the left side of the face, independently of the direction of gaze relative to the subject. These findings were interpreted as suggesting that when Leonardo, and perhaps other artists as well, wanted to depict a strong, active profile, they tended to draw the right side of the face.
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1983 at discounted rates.
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Stages of mystical development in the primordial content of the Gospels and Acts.
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Alan N. West, 1993, 11:1, 33-50.
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Abstract:
Computerized content analysis of 9 narrative text can reveal shifts in the author's state of awareness. The Regressive Imagery Dictionary is a well-validated content-analytic measure of primordial thought , which is a primitive, global, nontemporal mode of consciousness in which logic and disbelief are suspended. In narratives, increased primordial content seems to be associated with altered states of consciousness. Hypothetically, primordial thought is also the form of awareness in mystical experiences. Prior research has shown that certain religious texts, including the King James Bible in its entirety, rnanifest a five-stage pattern of primordial content consistent with Underhill's model of spiritual development in the prototypical Christian mystic. The present study demonstrates that this pattern also runs through the narrative accounts of Jesus' ministry and the infancy of Christianity given in the Gospels and Acts of the New Testament. Sections of text identified by this pattern correspond thematically to the stages of the Underhill model.
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Cross-cultural aesthetic contrasts and implications for aesthetic evolution and change.
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Richard L. Anderson, 1993, 11:1, 51-60.
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Abstract:
In contrast to small-scale societies, philosophies of art in complex societies tend to be relatively explicit, produced by specialists, and densely textured - a patten exemplified by the differences between the aesthetic systems of Aboriginal Australian versus pre-Columbian Aztec societies. These differences may parallel the gradual changes in aesthetics that occurred as some small, pre-neolithic cultures evolved into complex states. Also, when traditional societies undergo the shock of culture contact, their previously profound aesthetic systems, whether explicit or implicit, tend to be replaced by concerns about craftmanshisp, intensiveness of work, and market value as exemplified by pre and post-contact Aztec culture. Also discussed are possible future developments in each of these dynamic processes, respectively designated "bary-evolution" and "ocy evolution."
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The foundations of verse: A commentary.
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T. V. F. Brogan, 1993, 11:1, 61-67.
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Abstract:
This commentary discusses the present state of verse studies and the contributions found in the articles in Empirical Studies of the Arts (Vol. 10:2). Present problems in French metrics and in the study of French and English rhymes are reviewed; the scope of instrumental studies of verse is examined and their role in the analysis of meter is evaluated.
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The weeping wound: Reflections on "Foundations of Verse".
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Clive Scott, 1993, 11:1, 69-78.
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Abstract:
A review of the articles in Empirical Studies of the Arts (Vol.10:2) . The introduction points out questions raised by generative metrics and is followed by a close discussion of the phonetics of metrics and Lehiste's instrumental approach to the analysis of verse. This leads to a discussion of rhyme, rhythm, and meter in terms of reading and performance and to comparative remarks on the role of the caesura in English and French verse.
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Tools for the study of verse.
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Michel Grimaud, 1993, 11:1, 79-82.
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Abstract:
Closing remarks on the discussion of "Foundations of Verse" in this issue. A recurring topic, the use of instrumentation, is approached within a historical and methodological framework, with emphasis on the need for more methodological variety and sophistication in experimental work and an emphasis on the need for collaboration of psycholinguists with literary scholars. Gaps in the field of verse studies are emphasized, especially the lack of give-and-take between local studies (the versification of single poems) and global studies of a historical or comparative nature. The nature of basic reference tools needed by verse specialists is discussed as is the new feasibility of such a project in the age of computers.
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